The field of 3D tissues and organoids has seen massive growth, with applications ranging from disease modeling, drug discovery, cell therapy, personalized medicine, and cosmetics to food & cultured meat. While there is lots of excitement about the possibilities of 3D models, many academic labs and commercial entities experience similar bottlenecks for successful development, application & translation, scaling up, and finally, commercialization of these models. In this presentation, Patrick will review bottlenecks, solutions, and new opportunities in the field, covering science, data & automation, as well as commercialization challenges.