Man-made alterations to Florida’s waterways prevented the bloom from dispersing into the Everglades, and instead persisted, wreaking havoc on tourism, boating and fishing. A state of emergency has been declared in three counties on the Atlantic and one county on the Gulf coast.
There is still much debate surrounding the growth of algae blooms. The general principles are understood; it is known that land use like agriculture and animal feed lots have a direct contributing effect on algae blooms. Water stagnation is another promoting factor. But the specifics, like exactly what cocktails of nutrients are best for certain types of algae to thrive, are unknown.
Hypoxia - low levels of oxygen and in this case, a lack of dissolved oxygen in water - is a serious threat to marine life. When a bloom forms, it photosynthesizes oxygen that is dissolved in the water during the day. At night, the bloom consumes the dissolved oxygen in the water. When algae begin to die off, the dying microbes don’t photosynthesize much anymore. Bacteria start to metabolize the fresh supply of dead algae, and the available oxygen is used up in the process. Hypoxia can last anywhere from a few moments to a near permanent state.
Aside from Florida, Utah is now having its own algae problems. The video above discusses a toxic bloom that has recently formed there.
So what is to be done? In Florida’s case, restoration of water flow to the Everglades could be a huge help. Water circulation by water managers is also critical. In the U.S. Clean Water Act, the Total Maximum Daily Load program sets pollution limits for bodies of water and if followed, should lessen the nutrient runoff that fuels algal blooms. However, new blooms keep forming. Land use must also be monitored to help reduce what looks to be a long-term problem.
Sources: The Conversation, Journal of Marine Science